What Was The First Makeup Made

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at to the lowest degree seven,000 years and is present in almost every club on earth. Cosmetic body fine art is argued to have been the primeval class of a ritual in human civilisation. The evidence for this comes in the form of utilised cherry-red mineral pigments (red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Man sapiens in Africa.^{[i] [2] [iii] [4] [5] [6]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Quondam Testament—2 Kings nine:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes various dazzler treatments as well.

Cosmetics were as well used in aboriginal Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that information technology was frowned upon. Information technology is known that some women in ancient Rome invented make upward including lead-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the eyes.^[seven]

Beyond the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

One of the primeval cultures to use cosmetics was ancient Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to heighten their appearance. The apply of cosmetics in Ancient Egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in n Africa. The use of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in nighttime colours such as blue, cerise, and blackness was common, and was normally recorded and represented in Egyptian art, as well every bit beingness seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians also extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} simply this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance plant in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[8] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, aboriginal Egyptian makeup was also thought to accept antibacterial properties that helped forestall infections.^[9] Remedies to treat wrinkles independent ingredients such equally gum of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was fabricated of red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative treatment was a poultice of carob grounds and honey, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To improve jiff the aboriginal Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is still in use today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been found to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled as remedies for issues such every bit baldness and greying hair. They besides used these products on their mummies, considering they believed that it would brand them irresistible in the after life.

Middle East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in ii Kings 9:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are too mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

China [edit]

Flowers play an of import decorative function in China. Legend has it that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace well-nigh the plum copse after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair face up, leaving a floral banner on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [eleven] [12]} The court ladies were said to be then impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom design.^{[10] [11] [thirteen]} This is too the mythical origin of the floral fashion, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amidst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted cherry spots on the eye of their cheeks, right under their eyes. Still, information technology is a mystery why. They said that red cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ citation needed ]}

Japan [edit]

A maiko in the Gion commune of Kyoto, Japan, in full brand-up. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is still new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to pigment the eyebrows and edges of the eyes as well every bit the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' pilus wax, were used by geisha as a makeup base. Rice powder colors the face and dorsum; rouge contours the centre socket and defines the nose.^{[fifteen] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black paint) colours the teeth for the anniversary, chosen Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and get independent. The geisha would also sometimes utilise bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Western Asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a blackness pulverization that is used widely beyond the Persian Empire. It is used every bit a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids like to eyeliner.^[16] After Farsi tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real expect in order to mislead or cause uncontrolled want.^{[ commendation needed ]} In Islamic police force, despite these requirements, there is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be fabricated of substances that harm one's torso.

An early on teacher in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-book medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th volume was dedicated to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. In that location were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of nowadays-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He as well used oily substances called Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to utilise cosmetics include the ancient Greeks ^{[v] [half dozen]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the employ of cosmetics was common amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who thought it to be confronting the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and later by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elder mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a trend during the European Center Ages. In the 16th century, women would drain themselves to achieve pale skin. Spanish prostitutes wore pinkish makeup to contrast pale skin.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to show that they were upper form.^[17] Use of cosmetics continued in Middle Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[18] during the later 16th century in the W, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the product amidst the upper class.^{[ vague ] [eighteen]} Cosmetics continued to be used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly alleged makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors,^[19] with many famous actresses of the time, such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century fashion ideals of women actualization delicate, feminine and pale were achieved by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their eyes to announced larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly past many women, makeup in Western cultures during this fourth dimension was by and large frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the employ of corrective products.

Americas and Australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or battle.^{[ citation needed ]} Similar practices were followed past Aboriginals in Australia.

The examples and perspective in this commodity deal primarily with the Usa and practise not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Y'all may improve this article, discuss the consequence on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template bulletin)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics manufacture began to abound due to a rise in "visual cocky-sensation," a shift in the perception of colour cosmetics, and improvements in the safety of products.^[xx] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to reflective devices stifled people'due south ability to regularly perceive their advent. This, in turn, limited the demand for a corrective market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their ain products at dwelling house. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the domicile and in public, increased consciousness of one's appearance and created a demand for cosmetic products that improved one'southward image.^[xx]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from abode were plant to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their utilize. Discoveries of non-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow'due south 1866 utilize of zinc oxide as a face powder, and the distribution of cosmetic products by established companies such as Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[20] Skincare, along with "face painting" products like powders, also became in-need products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such as Swimming's through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high need for the product. These advert and cosmetic marketing styles were soon replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[xx]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture past beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early on 1900s, makeup was not excessively pop. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Make-up at this fourth dimension was nevertheless mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the blackness & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying actual paint to the confront) became popular among the rich at this time in an attempt to expect paler. This practice was unsafe due to the main ingredient often being arsenic.^[22] Pale skin was associated with wealth because it meant that ane was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay inside all twenty-four hours. Cosmetics were so unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could just be bought at theatrical costume stores. A woman'due south "makeup routine" often but consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting canvass, to whiten the nose in the winter and shine their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, then was only seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became high in demand considering it was used on chapped lips, as a base for hair tonic, and lather.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early on 1900s, but only lavander water or refined cologne was admissible for women to clothing.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, past an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked nether the name "Mum". Gyre-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and droplets deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, brand-upwardly became stylish in the The states and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such every bit Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the almost typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror dazzler book showed that cosmetics were now adequate for the literate classes to wear. With that said, men ofttimes saw rouge as a mark of sex and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to go far a misdemeanor for women under the age of forty-4 to wear cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a false impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was one of the starting time to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the centre and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was also presented in this dazzler book, created from gum Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed corrective tattooing during this fourth dimension menstruation. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, red lips, and dark eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First Earth War past inserting skin tones in damaged faces and by covering scars with colors more than pleasing to the center.^[27] Max Factor opened up a professional person makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to buy theatrical eye shadow and eyebrow pencils for their home use.

In the 1920s, the film industry in Hollywood had the nearly influential bear upon on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial consequence on the makeup industry. Helena Rubinstein was Bara's makeup artist; she created mascara for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-marketplace of cosmetics during this time were Max Cistron, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the present day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the nigh popular cosmetics of this time, more so than rouge and powder, considering they were colorful and inexpensive. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass product.^[30] The Flapper way also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark eyes, red lipstick, blood-red blast smoothen, and the suntan, invented equally a fashion statement past Coco Chanel. The countenance pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part considering it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the cardinal constituent of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early commercial mascaras, similar Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny castor into hot water, rub the beard on the cake, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and and then apply the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor sheet.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of 50'Oréal, invented modern synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The first patent for a nail polish was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pinkish. It's not clear how night this rose was, only whatsoever girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a baby's blush risked gossip about beingness "fast."^[31] Previously, merely agricultural workers had sported suntans, while stylish women kept their skins as stake equally possible. In the wake of Chanel'southward adoption of the suntan, dozens of new fake tan products were produced to assist both men and women achieve the "sun-kissed" look. In Asia, pare whitening continued to stand for the ideal of dazzler, every bit information technology does to this day.

In the fourth dimension menstruation subsequently the First Earth War, there was a boom in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon'due south world. Confront-lifts were performed as early on as 1920, but it wasn't until the 1960s when corrective surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men just participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Club of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increment public awareness about plastic surgery. As a result, in 1982, the United States Supreme Court granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements often made the surgeries seem chance-free, even though they were annihilation but. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than than ii million Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction being the virtually popular. Chest augmentations ranked second, while numbers three, four, and five went to eye surgery, face-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an effort to lighten their complexion every bit well as hair straightening to announced whiter. Skin bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive 30 to fifty percent of all advertisements in the black printing of the decade.^[35] Frequently, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such every bit hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the skin. These bleaches could cause astringent dermatitis and even death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual's chance. In the 1970s, at to the lowest degree five companies started producing make-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did non work for dark skin types because they were created for stake skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for stake skin tones only made night skin appear grey. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such equally foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies similar Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the 2nd World State of war, cosmetics were in brusk supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this time when they were restricted, lipstick, powder, and face foam were about desirable and near experimentation was carried out for the post war period. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would result in a phenomenal nail subsequently, and so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" after the war because they were the oldest established. Pond'due south had this same entreatment in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were i of the first to give its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern red" and "body of water coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were amidst items the protestors chosen "instruments of female torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to exist enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural look" for day and a more sexualized image for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the blank face was in mode equally women became more interested in the chemical value of their makeup.^[41] Mod developments in engineering science, such equally the High-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying ability in wear than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the time was eye shadow, though; women also were interested in new lipstick colors such as lilac, green, and argent.^[43] These lipsticks were often mixed with stake pinks and whites, so women could create their own individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market place in this decade, with Revlon giving them wide publicity.^[43] This product was applied to the forehead, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the face with white center shadow cream also became pop. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole cosmetic manufacture in general opened opportunities for women in business equally entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are now widely available from dedicated internet-only retailers,^[46] who have more than recently been joined online by established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like most industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation past government agencies. In the U.S., the Nutrient and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve or review cosmetics, although information technology does regulate the colors that tin be used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are not required to report injuries resulting from use of their products.^[47]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics unremarkably associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used by cosmetic-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products peculiarly tailored for men, and men are using such products more commonly.^[48] There is some controversy over this, yet, as many feel that men who clothing makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and practice not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, however, view this every bit a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men also have the right to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women exercise.

Today the market of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Japan: Japan is the 2nd largest market in the globe. Regarding the growth of this market, cosmetics in Japan have entered a period of stability. Notwithstanding, the market situation is chop-chop changing. Now consumers tin access a lot of information on the Internet and choose many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to meet the diverse needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments past brand manufacturer. With a growth charge per unit of 0.1%, the market was almost unchanged from the previous twelvemonth.^[49]
• Russia: I of the most interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the earth in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market place has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching Usa$thirteen.five billion.^{[ commendation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to sally, such as more complicated abode skin-intendance regimens, pilus colour preserving products, and beauty tools.^[l] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased past up to 70% because of quarantining and face-covering mandates.^[51]

Encounter also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

1. ^ Ability, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Power, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, G. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Red ochre, trunk painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Linguistic communication. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-nineteen-156767-four.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). "The pigments from Pinnacle Indicate Cave 13B, Western Cape, Southward Africa". Journal of Human being Development. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Ancient Hellenic republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ folio needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-1-43981-213-6.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical World. 102 (3): 291–310. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What'south That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (18 January 2010). "Ancient Egypt's Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Flower deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Government Data Role, Commonwealth of Cathay. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". West & East 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". China Today . Retrieved 8 October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese article of clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-vi. For instance, the Huadian or forehead ornament was said to have originated in the Southward Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early on spring and a light breeze brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could not be washed off or removed in any way. Fortunately, information technology looked cute on her, and of a sudden became all the rage amid the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular among the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (October 2001). "Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (4): 375–386. doi:ten.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. Academy of Oregon Schoolhouse of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 January 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World'due south Favorite Cosmetic. New York Metropolis: St. Martin's Printing. ISBN978-0-312-19914-2.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Do I Await?". Dazzler Imagined. Oxford, United kingdom: Oxford University Printing. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-half-dozen.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (v May 2016). "A History of Make-upwardly & Fashion: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York Urban center: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-two. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". 50'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modern Face: Corrective Surgery". Social Research. 67 (1): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women's Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Periodical of Magazine Media. 15 (1). doi:ten.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Projection MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob Due south. (1 June 2011). "Skin bleach and civilisation: the racial formation of blackness in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Periodical of Pan African Studies. iv (four): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Mod Living: Black Cosmetics". TIME. 29 June 1970. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (one): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Voice of the Women'south Liberation Movement. p. 4.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Intendance Products". Charles Ross & Son Visitor . Retrieved 7 June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the entire beauty products sector (Function 1)". Beauty At present. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on ten Oct 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your wellness". Part on Women's Health. 4 November 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". Heart for Food Safety and Applied Diet. three March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 23 Oct 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are buying during Covid-19". Vogue Business organisation. 10 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. 18 December 2020. Retrieved two April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Brand-upward. London, Uk: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Promise in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-four.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Brand-Up: Looking Your Best in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked confront project: Women try no-makeup experiment". USA Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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